Parents and lay reporters typically operate on a know it when you see it basis, whereas CPS professionals and courts are somewhat, but not ever entirely, constrained in this exercise by the norms of their respective disciplines, social work, and law. WHO addresses corporal punishment in multiple cross-cutting ways. In an effort to develop a comprehensive sense of how each of these institutions makes decisions in this area and, in particular, if and how they might differ in their approaches, we conducted three studies. The only question in these cases, then, is whether the force used was reasonable. v. Dept of Health and Rehab. CPS appears in general to be much more comfortable than the courts with a variety of evidence, including with scientific evidence. Discusses the signs of when parental discipline may be too excessive and cross the line into abuse and presents questions for parents to ask themselves, characteristics of abusive adults, and signs victims may show. The first of these paradigms reflects parental-autonomy norms, and the second, scientific knowledge about the circumstances that cause children harm. The Limits of Child Effects: Evidence for Genetically Mediated Child Effects on Corporal Punishment but Not on Physical Maltreatment. 2017 May;67:64-75. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.008. Redefining Parental Rights: The Case of Corporal Punishment Notwithstanding efforts in some states to narrow their scope, legal definitions of abuse and neglect continue in general to be broad and vague. Thus, parents rights to force children to work for hire have been curtailed according to their developmental capacity for such work and to assure that they have the time to go to school and to rest so that they are at least competent at that enterprise.146 Parents right to choose where their children are educated is intact, but gone is their right not to educate their children at all, because children need an education to be successful citizens.147 Finally, although [i]t is clear that a parent has the right to corporally discipline his or her child, a right derived from our constitutional right to privacy[,] this right must be exercised in a reasonable manner.148 Reasonableness has always been the standard, of course, but because its legal iteration is tied to social norms, as these norms evolve to countenance less harm and, at least in some circumstances, to narrow the forms of acceptable corporal punishment, parental autonomy and the boundaries of family privacy have been correspondingly reduced.149, Lawyers and the judiciary, particularly appellate judges, are well versed in the legal doctrine of parental autonomy and its philosophical underpinnings. The second involved a series of interviews with CPS professionals, including CPS directors, supervisors, and frontline social workers in counties in several states across the country. Because legal cases cannot wait for an ultimate outcome, which might not be apparent for years, published scientific research suffices as evidence that a particular parental behavior is abusive. Given these considerations and our objectivesto ameliorate systemic inconsistencies, signaling problems, and false-positive and false-negative errorsour principal suggestion is for policymakers to codify functional impairment as the harm the state intends to prohibit. Preventing Child Maltreatment: Community Approaches. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the
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