[54] After the Saffarids and Samanids, the Ghaznavids re-conquered Transoxania, and invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 11th century. Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800, 2003. interesting is to think about how and why it was able [2] In 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi established the city of Kairouan (in Tunisia) and its Great Mosque also known as the Mosque of Uqba;[42] the Great Mosque of Kairouan is the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world. Later, the Ottoman Empire set on to conquer territories from these rivals: Cyprus and other Greek islands (except Crete) were lost by Venice to the Ottomans, and the latter conquered territory up to the Danube basin as far as Hungary. [1] These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World with the conquistadors, where By the year 1000 it is believed that nearly eighty percent of the population in the Dar-al-Islam (Islamic territory) had converted to faith in Allah as it had been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century and handed down through succeeding generations by way of the holy Koran (Qur'an). The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. and spiritual motives "for conversion blended together." The tide of Arab expansion after 630 rolled through North Africa up to Ceuta in present-day Morocco. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." In 1236 the ancient Roman city of Cordoba was re-conquered by Ferdinand III of Castille and in 1248 the city of Seville. Ultimately, the highly centralized Abbasid caliphate fragmented into multiple smaller, independent political structures. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black people"), stimulating the development of urban communities. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. There are many stories of descendants of Visigothic chieftains and Roman counts whose families converted to Islam during this period. If there's a Muslim ruling class, and if you want to be associated The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women;."[23]. [71], When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of Perlak was Muslim,[71] Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) in 1282,[70] other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the Melayu Kingdom for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as Fujian. according to Islamic tradition, built on the traditions Following the decisive Battle of Yarmouk in 636, the former Byzantine states of Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon were conquered by the Muslim armies. Was It caused because the Zoroastrianism system was weak or because Islam is most effective in synthesis of the two spiritual traditions? Only the Arabian Peninsula had a higher proportion of Muslims among the population.[23].
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