Critical Theory, distances itself from scientific theories because, while the latter understands knowledge as an objectified product, the former serves the purpose of human emancipation through consciousness and self-reflection. Further, with a rather Marxist twist, Horkheimer noticed also that phenomenological objectivity is a myth because it is dependent upon technological conditions and the latter are sensitive to the material conditions of production. The Frankfurt School was a school of philosophy and critical theory based out of Frankfurt, Germany. 12 point agenda of the frankfurt school - creditsolutionexperts.com 2. 12 point agenda of the frankfurt school. This challenging of assumptions prompts the student to consider whether the foundational aspects of a society are actually beneficial or are simply accepted as normal and natural since things have always been this way. These are the primary tasks that a critical social theory must accomplish in order to be defined as critical. The creation of racism offenses. Italy, Critical Theory: Historical and Philosophical Background, Traditional and Critical Theory: Ideology and Critique, The Idea of Rationality: Critical Theory and its Discontents. Following World War I, the socialist 191819 November Revolution dethroned the existing monarchy in Germany, replacing it with a parliamentary system that was later known as the Weimar Republic. Fromm derived these categories from the theories of J.J. Bachofen, a collaborator of Nietzsche and Richard Wagner, who claimed that human civilization was originally "matriarchal." In defining the senses to be assigned to the notion of ideology, within its descriptive-empirical sense one might study the biological and quasi-biological properties of the group or, alternatively, the cultural or socio-cultural features of the group (Geuss 1981, p. 4 ff). The creation of racism offences. There it flourished amidst the. The way adopted by Marcuse was with a revisitation of Freuds theory of instinctual needs. A conspiracy theory is circulating that the Frankfurt School had a secret 11-point plan to subvert western civilization. As Geuss has suggested, there are two possible ways to propose such separation: the perfect-knowledge approach and the optimal conditions approach (1981, p. 48). The following sections, therefore, briefly introduce some of the main research patterns introduced by Fromm and Horkheimer, respectively. Most of its leading theorists fled the country, and many of those who fled eventually . 7 Critical theorists of Frankfurt are continuously referred to by a number of different names such as Neo-Marxist, Marxist Humanism, Hegelian Marxists, in an attempt to pigeonhole critical theory into an ideal-type. For Habermas, criticism is possible only if universal standards of validity are recognized and only if understanding (Verstndigung) and agreement (Einverstndnis) are seen as interconnected practices. In his turn, Alessandro Ferrara along his recent monograph The Democratic Horizon (2014), has revived the paradigm of political liberalism by addressing the significance of democracy and tackled next the problem of hypepluralism and multiple democracies.