[Full text]. 11, Crackdowns hold substantial appeal for the public, police, and government officials. Moreover, when police use highly aggressive tactics in crackdownssuch as using military strategies, weapons, and attire for relatively routine enforcement and patrol activitiesthey risk heightening fear among offenders and casual observers.24. This study documents the impact of a police crackdown on a street heroin market in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, as perceived by individuals involved in the market. Policing, 28(1): 174-188. If a crackdown is spread too thinly over too wide an area, its overall intensity may be insufficient to have much of an effect. Crackdowns are designed to apprehend many offenders, some of whom will be serious and/or high-rate. Who is involved in identifying those at risk, especially individuals? Ideally, crackdowns, especially on certain kinds of drug markets, will have a snowball effect. (2001). 59 (However, the effect of drunken-driving crackdowns on crashes is typically short-lived.60) They should be clearly focused, intensive, and well-publicized.61 Drunken-driving crackdowns have the advantage over other crackdowns in that they target potential offenders who are likely to pay attention to media publicity about the crackdowns.62, Most studies and practice have demonstrated that crackdowns can disrupt local drug markets, but for the most part, only in the short term.63 Drug crackdowns are specifically intended to. Variants that seek to dissuade drug selling are even less effective, although Braga, Weisburd, and Turchan found that almost half the drug-focused initiatives had severe implementation problems and that the drug-focused initiatives that did not report such severe problems had better results. Overzealous and poorly managed crackdowns can violate citizens' rights.27 Where officers receive overtime pay for crackdowns, they risk being accusedhowever fairly or unfairlyof conducting them primarily to earn that pay. Eck, J., and W. Spelman (1987). Law Enforcement News 23(461):9. The second was reduced crime for an entire region. London : Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. In N. La Vigne and J. Wartell (eds. See the problem-specific guides on Robbery at Automated Teller Machines [Full text] and Crime Against Tourists [Full text] for further information on addressing specific types of robbery. Washington , D.C. : Police Executive Research Forum. Campbell, D., and H. Ross (1968). "The Effect of the Police on Crime." Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Crackdowns can reduce crime and disorder in two ways: by increasing the certainty that offenders will be caught and punished more severely than usual, or by increasing offenders' perceptions that they are more likely to get caught and punished. Spelman, W. (1990). Of course, drug stashes are vulnerable to theft and police confiscation. Safe Streets Clean Sweep (SSCS), Metro-Dade Police Department (Metro-Dade, On the deterrence side, these individuals receive information on the enhanced penalties that they and their peers will face if there are subsequent violent incidents. Cease Fire [Goldstein Award Winner], Boston
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